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Algae in Hawaii
2009-02-25 7:53AM / 標準BLOG / 會員可以看
Invasive Algae Leads to Boom, Bust, and Maybe Boom Again
By Erik Olsen, The New York Times
“Alien algae is the worst invasive species problem we’re dealing with in the state of Hawaii,” said Tony Montgomery, and aquatic biologist for the state of Hawaii.
The problem goes back to the early 1970s, when a globe-trotting scientist from the University of Hawaii named Maxwell Doty brought back several fast-growing algae species from his travels in warm Pacific seas.
Dr. Doty was a well-regarded aquaculturalist, specializing in growing algae and other aquatic plants in order to extract useful compounds like carageenan, which is still used today as a thickener and additive in products like shampoo, shoe polish, toothpaste and even beer.
Indeed, Dr. Doty’s work eventually helped countries like the Philippines develop their own multi-million dollar industries around these compounds.
By the 1990s, however, it became apparent that several of the imported species, which Dr. Doty nurtured in the waters of Kanoehe Bay near the Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, were not only flourishing, but exploding, posing a serious threat to the health of coral reefs here.
“What they do is directly overgrow corals,” explains Eric Conklin, the marine science advisor in Hawaii for the Nature Conservancy. “They smother it, they abrade it, they kill it,” Dr. Conklin said. “They also fill in all of the habitat and complexity of the reef that coral creates, which is what so many of the other reef organisms depend on.”
In 2006, to deal with this worsening problem, the Nature Conservancy teamed up with the University of Hawaii and the state’s government to develop a barge-and-pump system they call the Supersucker.
Employing divers in the water, the algae is removed from the reefs by hand, stuffed into long corrugated tubes, and deposited onto a sorting table on the barge where coral and other living organisms are removed. The project is still in a pilot phase, but it has proven very effective on certain patch reefs in Kanoehe Bay.
Brian Parscal, the project’s operations supervisor, says the supersucker can slurp betwen 3,000 and 3,500 pounds per day off the reefs.
And what do they do with all that algae? Well, Dr. Doty’s unintended legacy appears to be providing an unintended benefit. For several years now, Mr. Parscal says he has been handing over bags of algae to local farmers who use it as fertilizer. “They take all we can give them,” he said.
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统计信息
- Founded in 1996 by marine ecologist Dr...Founded in 1996 by marine ecologist Dr. Gregor Hodgson, the Reef Check Foundation is an international non-profit organization dedicated to conservation of two ecosystems: tropical coral reefs and California rocky reefs. With headquarters in Los Angeles and volunteer teams in more than 80 countries, Reef Check works to create partnerships among community volunteers, government agencies, businesses, universities and other non-profits. Reef Check goals are to: educate the public about the value of reef ecosystems and the current crisis affecting marine life; to create a global network of volunteer teams trained in Reef Check's scientific methods who regularly monitor and report on reef health; to facilitate collaboration that produces ecologically sound and economically sustainable solutions; and to stimulate local community action to protect remaining pristine reefs and rehabilitate damaged reefs worldwide.
In 1997, Reef Check conducted the first-ever global survey of coral reef health that provided scientific confirmation that our coral reefs were in crisis due to over-fishing, illegal fishing, and pollution. The results, published in a scientific journal in 1999, shocked many marine biologists who had not realized the extent of human impacts on reefs. In August 2002, Reef Check released its first five-year report, The Global Coral Reef Crisis – Trends and Solutions, at the World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg, South Africa. Based on data collected by thousands of Reef Check volunteer divers in over 80 countries and territories, the report was the first scientific documentation of the dramatic worldwide decline in coral reef health over a five year period. The report concluded that there was virtually no reef in the world that remained untouched by human impacts, such as over fishing, pollution and climate change. Yet the success stories discussed in the report show that, with proper monitoring, management and protection, coral reefs can recover. It is up to us.
Since then, Reef Check's fast-growing network has expanded throughout all tropical seas, and has played a major role in efforts to preserve and sustain reef ecosystems. Reef Check’s approach is to engage partners, especially businesses in a non-confrontational manner to develop mutually beneficial solutions especially the creation of self-funding Marine Protected Areas. In 2005, Reef Check launched its first temperate reef program in California.
Reef Check has received international environmental awards for its work, and is the United Nations' official community-based reef monitoring program.
Reef Check carries out its work through three major programs:
EcoAction Program – an education and certification program for kids to adults who want to learn more about the ocean and take part in protecting reef ecosystems.
Coral Reef Management Program – a coral reef monitoring and management system that focuses on establishing Marine Protected Areas to conserve coral reefs while encouraging sustainable use of surrounding reefs by local residents.
Reef Check California – a volunteer monitoring program for California rocky reefs designed to provide data for managers and to build a conservation constituency among California divers.
Meet our Los Angeles Headquarters Staff
Reef Check - Education – Science – Conservation
Reef Check is an international non-profit organization devoted to the following goals and objectives:
* Educate the public and governments about the value of coral reefs and rocky reef ecosystems and the crisis facing them
Create a global network of volunteer teams, trained and led by scientists, that regularly monitor and report on reef health using a standard method
* Facilitate collaborative use of reef health information by community groups, governments, universities and businesses to design and implement ecologically sound and economically sustainable solutions
* Stimulate local action to protect remaining pristine reefs and rehabilitate damaged reefs worldwide especially through the creation of Marine Protected Areas.
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